Apache HTTP Server Version 2.0
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The solution of this problem is trivial and is left as an exercise for the reader.
-- Standard textbook cookie
How to solve particular security constraints for an SSL-aware webserver is not always obvious because of the coherences between SSL, HTTP and Apache's way of processing requests. This chapter gives instructions on how to solve such typical situations. Treat it as a first step to find out the final solution, but always try to understand the stuff before you use it. Nothing is worse than using a security solution without knowing its restrictions and coherences.
The following creates an SSL server which speaks only the SSLv2 protocol and its ciphers.
SSLProtocol -all +SSLv2
SSLCipherSuite SSLv2:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+EXP
The following enables only the seven strongest ciphers:
SSLProtocol all
SSLCipherSuite HIGH:MEDIUM
This facility is called Server Gated Cryptography (SGC) and details
you can find in the README.GlobalID
document in the
mod_ssl distribution. In short: The server has a Global ID server
certificate, signed by a special CA certificate from Verisign which
enables strong encryption in export browsers. This works as following:
The browser connects with an export cipher, the server sends its Global
ID certificate, the browser verifies it and subsequently upgrades the
cipher suite before any HTTP communication takes place. The question
now is: How can we allow this upgrade, but enforce strong encryption.
Or in other words: Browser either have to initially connect with
strong encryption or have to upgrade to strong encryption, but are
not allowed to keep the export ciphers. The following does the trick:
# allow all ciphers for the initial handshake,
# so export browsers can upgrade via SGC facility
SSLCipherSuite ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP:+eNULL
<Directory /usr/local/apache2/htdocs>
# but finally deny all browsers which haven't upgraded
SSLRequire %{SSL_CIPHER_USEKEYSIZE} >= 128
</Directory>
Obviously you cannot just use a server-wide SSLCipherSuite
which restricts the
ciphers to the strong variants. But mod_ssl allows you to reconfigure
the cipher suite in per-directory context and automatically forces
a renegotiation of the SSL parameters to meet the new configuration.
So, the solution is:
# be liberal in general
SSLCipherSuite ALL:!ADH:RC4+RSA:+HIGH:+MEDIUM:+LOW:+SSLv2:+EXP:+eNULL
<Location /strong/area>
# but https://hostname/strong/area/ and below
# requires strong ciphers
SSLCipherSuite HIGH:MEDIUM
</Location>
When you know your user community (i.e. a closed user group
situation), as it's the case for instance in an Intranet, you can
use plain certificate authentication. All you have to do is to
create client certificates signed by your own CA certificate
ca.crt
and then verify the clients against this
certificate.
# require a client certificate which has to be directly
# signed by our CA certificate in ca.crt
SSLVerifyClient require
SSLVerifyDepth 1
SSLCACertificateFile conf/ssl.crt/ca.crt
For this we again use the per-directory reconfiguration feature
of mod_ssl
:
SSLVerifyClient none
SSLCACertificateFile conf/ssl.crt/ca.crt
<Location /secure/area>
SSLVerifyClient require
SSLVerifyDepth 1
</Location>
The key is to check for various ingredients of the client certificate.
Usually this means to check the whole or part of the Distinguished
Name (DN) of the Subject. For this two methods exists: The mod_auth
based variant and the SSLRequire
variant. The first method is
good when the clients are of totally different type, i.e. when their
DNs have no common fields (usually the organisation, etc.). In this
case you've to establish a password database containing all
clients. The second method is better when your clients are all part of
a common hierarchy which is encoded into the DN. Then you can match
them more easily.
The first method:
SSLVerifyClient none <Directory /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/secure/area> SSLVerifyClient require SSLVerifyDepth 5 SSLCACertificateFile conf/ssl.crt/ca.crt SSLCACertificatePath conf/ssl.crt SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth SSLRequireSSL AuthName "Snake Oil Authentication" AuthType Basic AuthUserFile /usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.passwd require valid-user </Directory>
/C=DE/L=Munich/O=Snake Oil, Ltd./OU=Staff/CN=Foo:xxj31ZMTZzkVA /C=US/L=S.F./O=Snake Oil, Ltd./OU=CA/CN=Bar:xxj31ZMTZzkVA /C=US/L=L.A./O=Snake Oil, Ltd./OU=Dev/CN=Quux:xxj31ZMTZzkVA
The second method:
SSLVerifyClient none <Directory /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/secure/area> SSLVerifyClient require SSLVerifyDepth 5 SSLCACertificateFile conf/ssl.crt/ca.crt SSLCACertificatePath conf/ssl.crt SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth SSLRequireSSL SSLRequire %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_O} eq "Snake Oil, Ltd." \ and %{SSL_CLIENT_S_DN_OU} in {"Staff", "CA", "Dev"} </Directory>
Let us assume the Intranet can be distinguished through the IP
network 192.160.1.0/24 and the subarea on the Intranet website has
the URL /subarea
. Then configure the following outside
your HTTPS virtual host (so it applies to both HTTPS and HTTP):
SSLCACertificateFile conf/ssl.crt/company-ca.crt <Directory /usr/local/apache2/htdocs> # Outside the subarea only Intranet access is granted Order deny,allow Deny from all Allow from 192.168.1.0/24 </Directory> <Directory /usr/local/apache2/htdocs/subarea> # Inside the subarea any Intranet access is allowed # but from the Internet only HTTPS + Strong-Cipher + Password # or the alternative HTTPS + Strong-Cipher + Client-Certificate # If HTTPS is used, make sure a strong cipher is used. # Additionally allow client certs as alternative to basic auth. SSLVerifyClient optional SSLVerifyDepth 1 SSLOptions +FakeBasicAuth +StrictRequire SSLRequire %{SSL_CIPHER_USEKEYSIZE} >= 128 # Force clients from the Internet to use HTTPS RewriteEngine on RewriteCond %{REMOTE_ADDR} !^192\.168\.1\.[0-9]+$ RewriteCond %{HTTPS} !=on RewriteRule .* - [F] # Allow Network Access and/or Basic Auth Satisfy any # Network Access Control Order deny,allow Deny from all Allow 192.168.1.0/24 # HTTP Basic Authentication AuthType basic AuthName "Protected Intranet Area" AuthUserFile conf/protected.passwd Require valid-user </Directory>
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